Evidence Based Medicine, what is it?
- An introduction to EBM
- Examples of great evidence changing practice
- Examples of poor evidence changing practice
What is Critical Appraisal?
- PICO
- Internal validity
- External Validity
- Clinical significance
How to find papers to answer your question?
- MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL etc
- Grey literature
How a paper is structured
- Authors
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Methods
- Results
- Discussion
Different forms of research
- Observational descriptive research
- Observational analytical research
- Experimental research
- Qualitative research
Different terminology used to describe research designs
- Cross sectional
- Longitudinal
- Retrospective
- Prospective
- Qualitative data
- Quantitative data
Different categories of evidence
- Expert opinion
- Case report
- Case series
- Case control
- Prospective Cohort Study
- Retrospective Cohort Study
- Controlled trials
- Randomised control trials
- Systematic Reviews
- Meta-analyses
Hierarchy of evidence
- Oxford levels of evidence
Further terminology to be aware of
- Chance
- Bias
- Confounding
- Internal validity
- External validity
- Homogeneous
- Heterogeneous
Statistical methods
- Accuracy
- Precision
- Prevalence
- Incidence
- The hypothesis
- P-values
- Confidence intervals
- False positives
- False negatives
- Power calculations
Being Aware of Outcomes
- Statistically significant vs clinically significant
- Being aware of secondary outcom
Diagnostic studies
- The gold standard/reference standard
- The population tested
- Inter-observer reliability
- Cost of the diagnostic test
Terminology to be aware of in a diagnostic paper
- Case positive
- Case negative
- Test positive
- Test negative
- True positive
- True negative
- False positive
- False negative
- Sensitivity
- Specificity
- Positive predictive value
- Negative predictive value
Likelihood ratios & area under the curve
- Positive and negative likelihood ratios
- Fagan’s nomogram
- Categorical Likelihood ratios
- Area under the curve
Critical Appraisal of a Diagnostic Study
- The gold standard/reference standard
- The population tested
- Inter-observer reliability
- Cost of the diagnostic test
Therapeutic studies
- Randomisation
- Allocation concealment
- Blinding
- Intention to treat & per-protocol analysis
- Follow up
- The outcome of interest
- Composite outcomes
Treatment effect
- Relative risk reduction (RRR)
- Absolute risk reduction (ARR)
- NNT
Critical Appraisal of a Therapeutic Study
Pull all the theory together and critically appraise a therapeutic study
Final Quiz